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SanEcoTec Articles

Ontario Pipeline Magazine - The Application of Huwa-San Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Treament for Drinking Water

HSP is food grade peroxide that is NSF Standard 60 certified with allowed residual in drinking water. It is like other food grade peroxides, only in real world scenarios (tap water) it remains residual in the network and stable for much longer than other peroxides. This is due to a more effective stabilization methodology. Because of this it is able to protect the water supply from bacterial post- and cross-contamination more effectively than conventional treatment technologies. Unlike halogens, its only byproducts are water and oxygen avoiding the formation of undesirable and potentially harmful disinfection byproducts.

Third Party Articles

Formation of disinfection byproducts from chlor(am)ination of algal organic matter

Algal cells and extracellular organic matter (EOM) of two algae species, Microcystis aeruginosa (blue-green algae) and Chlorella vulgaris (green algae), were characterized. The low specific UV absorbance (SUVA) values of EOM and cells from both algae species indicated the very hydrophilic nature of algal materials...

Chloramination of nitrogenous contaminants (pharmaceuticals and pesticides): NDMA and halogenated DBPs formation

Disinfection with chloramines is often used to reduce the production of regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). However, chloramination can lead to the formation of N-nitrosamines, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a probable human carcinogen. Previous research used dimethylamine (DMA) as a model precursor of NDMA, but certain widely used tertiary dimethylamines (e.g. the pharmaceutical ranitidine) show much higher conversion rates to NDMA than DMA. This study investigates the NDMA formation potential of several tertiary amines including pharmaceuticals and herbicides...

Disinfection by-product dynamics in a chlorinated, indoor swimming pool under conditions of heavy use: National swimming competition

Anecdotal evidence suggests that water quality in chlorinated, indoor pools deteriorates under conditions of heavy use. However, data to define these dynamics have not been reported. To address this issue, a study was performed in which water chemistry was monitored in a chlorinated, indoor pool before and during a national swimming competition, a period of heavy, intense use. NCl3 concentration was observed to double after the first day, and increased by a factor of 3e4 over the 4 days of competition. CNCHCl2 and CH3NCl2 concentrations both increased by a factor of 2e3 during the course of the meet, while CHCl3 concentration showed only a modest increase during this same period. Diurnal patterns of NCl3, CH3NCl2 and CHCl3 concentrations were observed, and these patterns appeared to depend on the Henry’s law constant of the compound. Urea concentration showed a diurnal pattern, superimposed on a trend of steady increase during each day of the competition; however, the diurnal pattern of urea behavior could not be explained by reactions with chlorine, as the urea-free chlorine reaction is relatively slow. It is more likely that the overnight decrease in urea concentration was attributable to mixing of surface water with water in the deeper parts of the pool. The findings of this study provide an indication of the changes in pool water chemistry that take place in a chlorinated, indoor pool under heavy use conditions.

What’s in the Pool? A Comprehensive Identification of Disinfection By-products and Assessment of Mutagenicity of Chlorinated and Brominated Swimming Pool Water

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) represent a ubiquitous exposure in developed countries. DBPs are formed by the reaction of disinfectants (e.g., chlorine, chloramines, ozone, or chlorine dioxide) with natural organic matter and/or bromide/iodide, and they are an unintended consequence of trying to kill pathogens in drinking water and swimming pools.

Potential carcinogenic hazards of non-regulated disinfection by-products: Haloquinones, halo-cyclopentene and cyclohexene derivatives, N-halamines, halonitriles, and heterocyclic amines

Drinking water disinfectants react with natural organic material (NOM) present in source waters used for drinking water to produce a wide variety of by-products. Several hundred disinfections by-products (DBPs) have been identified, but none have been identified with sufficient carcinogenic potency to account for the cancer risks projected from epidemiological studies. In a search for DBPs that might fill this risk gap, the present study projected reactions of chlorine and chloramine that could occur with substructures present in NOM to produce novel by-products...

Trichloramine in swimming pools - Formation and mass transfer

Trichloramine is a volatile, irritant compound of penetrating odor, which is found as a disinfection by-product in the air of chlorinated indoor swimming pools from reactions of nitrogenous compounds with chlorine. Acid amides, especially urea, ammonium ions and a-amino acids have been found as most efficient trichloramine precursors at acidic and neutral pH. For urea a relative NCl3 formation of 96% at pH 2.5 and 76% at pH 7.1 was determined...


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Case Study Domestic water systems provide a prolific breeding ground for bacteria like Legionella, which can cause pneumonia; See how Huwa-San Peroxide provides the most effective residual protection for drinking water systems in private homes and institutions... More Details Case Study Optimize your manufacturing operations; save water and energy by effectively recycling your water, using Huwa-San Peroxide Technology... More Details Case Study An independent study published in the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics shows that there is now even more reason to swim in non-chlorinated pools... More Details	SanEcoTec Articles Ontario Pipeline Magazine - The Application of Huwa-San Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Treament for Drinking Water HSP is food grade peroxide that is NSF Standard 60 certified with allowed residual in drinking water. It is like other food grade peroxides, only in real world scenarios (tap water) it remains residual in the network and stable for much longer than other peroxides. This is due to a more effective stabilization methodology. Because of this it is able to protect the water supply from bacterial post- and cross-contamination more effectively than conventional treatment technologies. Unlike halogens, its only byproducts are water and oxygen avoiding the formation of undesirable and potentially harmful disinfection byproducts. Read More Third Party Articles Formation of disinfection byproducts from chlor(am)ination of algal organic matter Algal cells and extracellular organic matter (EOM) of two algae species, Microcystis aeruginosa (blue-green algae) and Chlorella vulgaris (green algae), were characterized. The low specific UV absorbance (SUVA) values of EOM and cells from both algae species indicated the very hydrophilic nature of algal materials... Read More © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Chloramination of nitrogenous contaminants (pharmaceuticals and pesticides): NDMA and halogenated DBPs formation Disinfection with chloramines is often used to reduce the production of regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). However, chloramination can lead to the formation of N-nitrosamines, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a probable human carcinogen. Previous research used dimethylamine (DMA) as a model precursor of NDMA, but certain widely used tertiary dimethylamines (e.g. the pharmaceutical ranitidine) show much higher conversion rates to NDMA than DMA. This study investigates the NDMA formation potential of several tertiary amines including pharmaceuticals and herbicides... Read More © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Disinfection by-product dynamics in a chlorinated, indoor swimming pool under conditions of heavy use: National swimming competition Anecdotal evidence suggests that water quality in chlorinated, indoor pools deteriorates under conditions of heavy use. However, data to define these dynamics have not been reported. To address this issue, a study was performed in which water chemistry was monitored in a chlorinated, indoor pool before and during a national swimming competition, a period of heavy, intense use. NCl3 concentration was observed to double after the first day, and increased by a factor of 3e4 over the 4 days of competition. CNCHCl2 and CH3NCl2 concentrations both increased by a factor of 2e3 during the course of the meet, while CHCl3 concentration showed only a modest increase during this same period. Diurnal patterns of NCl3, CH3NCl2 and CHCl3 concentrations were observed, and these patterns appeared to depend on the Henry’s law constant of the compound. Urea concentration showed a diurnal pattern, superimposed on a trend of steady increase during each day of the competition; however, the diurnal pattern of urea behavior could not be explained by reactions with chlorine, as the urea-free chlorine reaction is relatively slow. It is more likely that the overnight decrease in urea concentration was attributable to mixing of surface water with water in the deeper parts of the pool. The findings of this study provide an indication of the changes in pool water chemistry that take place in a chlorinated, indoor pool under heavy use conditions. Read More © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. What’s in the Pool? A Comprehensive Identification of Disinfection By-products and Assessment of Mutagenicity of Chlorinated and Brominated Swimming Pool Water Disinfection by-products (DBPs) represent a ubiquitous exposure in developed countries. DBPs are formed by the reaction of disinfectants (e.g., chlorine, chloramines, ozone, or chlorine dioxide) with natural organic matter and/or bromide/iodide, and they are an unintended consequence of trying to kill pathogens in drinking water and swimming pools. Read More © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Potential carcinogenic hazards of non-regulated disinfection by-products: Haloquinones, halo-cyclopentene and cyclohexene derivatives, N-halamines, halonitriles, and heterocyclic amines Drinking water disinfectants react with natural organic material (NOM) present in source waters used for drinking water to produce a wide variety of by-products. Several hundred disinfections by-products (DBPs) have been identified, but none have been identified with sufficient carcinogenic potency to account for the cancer risks projected from epidemiological studies. In a search for DBPs that might fill this risk gap, the present study projected reactions of chlorine and chloramine that could occur with substructures present in NOM to produce novel by-products... Read More © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Trichloramine in swimming pools - Formation and mass transfer Trichloramine is a volatile, irritant compound of penetrating odor, which is found as a disinfection by-product in the air of chlorinated indoor swimming pools from reactions of nitrogenous compounds with chlorine. Acid amides, especially urea, ammonium ions and a-amino acids have been found as most efficient trichloramine precursors at acidic and neutral pH. For urea a relative NCl3 formation of 96% at pH 2.5 and 76% at pH 7.1 was determined... Read More © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.